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Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP)

Yuqori darajadagi modullar quyi darajadagi modullarga bog’liq bo’lmasligi kerak. Ikkalasi ham abstraktsiyalarga bog’liq bo’lishi kerak.

Konkret klasslarni to’g’ridan-to’g’ri ishlatish o’rniga, dependency injection orqali abstraktsiyalarni bering. Bu komponentlar orasidagi bog’liqlikni kamaytiradi va tizimni test qilish hamda kengaytirishni osonlashtiradi.

Diagramma

Noto’g’ri yondashuv

violation.py dagi PaymentProcessor konstruktorida CreditCardPayment‘ni to’g’ridan-to’g’ri yaratadi:

class PaymentProcessor:
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.payment = CreditCardPayment()  # qattiq bog'liqlik

    def process(self, amount: float) -> None:
        self.payment.pay(amount)

Naqd pul yoki kriptovalyutaga o’tish uchun PaymentProcessor‘ning o’zini o’zgartirish kerak bo’ladi.

To’g’ri yondashuv

correct.py da esa PaymentProcessor ham, to’lov usullari ham Payment abstraktsiyasiga bog’liq:

class Payment(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def pay(self, amount: float) -> None: ...

class PaymentProcessor:
    def __init__(self, payment: Payment) -> None:
        self.payment = payment

    def process(self, amount: float) -> None:
        self.payment.pay(amount)

Yangi to’lov usulini qo’shish uchun faqat Payment‘ni implement qilish kifoya — PaymentProcessor hech qachon o’zgarmaydi:

for method in (CashPayment(), CreditCardPayment(), CryptoPayment()):
    processor = PaymentProcessor(method)
    processor.process(150.00)